It’s said that Chih-i wrote Chih-kuan for Beginners for the benefit of his brother-in-law who was a general in the Chinese army. But it is also held that Chih-i did not write anything down himself, but rather his students compiled his teachings after he had passed away. In any case, even though it is supposed to be a manual for novice practitioners, it is really quite an advanced text.

Chih-kuan is the Chinese translation of samatha-vipasanna or “stopping and seeing” (concentration and insight), the bedrock of Buddhist meditation. A ‘stopping and seeing’ method was systematized by Chih-i (538-597 CE), the founder of the T’ien-’tai (Celestial Terrace) school, which resulted in several meditation manuals, the first produced by Chinese Buddhists.

This passage is from the Section 3 of Chih-kuan for Beginners entitled “Removal of Screens.” Chih-i highlights five major ‘screens’ or hindrances to meditation practice that should be removed: desire, hatred, sleep and drowsiness, restlessness and grief, and finally, doubt.

This is my own version, based partly on the translation by Charles Luk in The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.

Chih-i

Removing the screen of doubt.

When doubt veils the mind, it is difficult to open any dharma doors. Because the mind of faith is lacking, little benefit can be obtained from practicing Buddha Dharma. This is like a man with no hands who comes upon a mountain of jewels and is unable to carry any away with him.

Doubt comes in many forms, however not all of them hinder meditation practice. The three kinds of doubt that do obstruct are:

1. Doubt about oneself.

When a practitioner thinks: “I am a person with a dull mind and heavy karma. How can I do this?” When doubt such as this is at the forefront of one’s mind, the chih-kuan dharma door is closed, and therefore, realization is unobtainable.  Practitioners should not harbor these doubts because no one knows the true nature of their karma from the past.

2. Doubt about the teacher.

A student may think: “The teacher’s appearance and demeanor is such that I cannot believe he or she has attained anything, so how can this person teach me?” Harboring doubt and contempt in this way will only hinder one’s practice. The key to removing doubt and contempt is taught in the Mahavibhasa Sastra which says, “One does throw away a bag of gold just because the pouch has a foul smell.” In the same manner, even though the teacher is not perfect, the student should still regard this person as a Buddha.

3. Doubt about the Dharma.

Most people are attached to their own notions and have no trust or confidence in the Dharma they have been taught and which they cannot accept and practice with sincerity. The Dharma cannot penetrate the mind of a practitioner who constantly doubts it. Why is this so? The following verse clearly explains the hindrance of doubt:

It is just as if a person arrives at a crossroads
And out of hesitation cannot decide to go one way or the other.
Thus in regards of the dharma of the true nature of things,
Doubt functions in the same way.
When seeking truth, ignorance manifests itself as doubt,
And this is one of the worst evils.
Within both good and bad Dharmas,
Throughout both samsara and nirvana,
There is an actual and truthful Dharma
That you should never doubt.
If you cling to the delusion of doubt,
The judges from the courts of Hell will bind you up
Like a deer captured by a lion with no hope of escape.
One should embrace virtuous Dharmas,
Just as when one arrives at a crossroads
And chooses the best path to follow.

It is faith such as this that opens the Buddha’s Dharma Doors and without this mind of faith there is no entry. Therefore, when a practitioner realizes that doubt is unprofitable, he or she should no longer indulge in it, and cast it away.

Henry David Thoreau is the flip side to the man I made note of yesterday, George M. Cohan. Whereas the latter was loud, brash, and exuberant, Thoreau was quiet, reserved and reflective. Thoreau’s America was the same as Cohan’s, however, and in very different ways, they each celebrated the same boundless human spirit.

Thoreau called himself “a mystic, a Transcendentalist, and a natural philosopher to boot.” He was interested in external nature, in the quest for knowledge, and revered the gift and sustenance of inspiration. At the same time, he was absorbed in the discovery of the inner, spiritual nature of human beings.

Thoreau’s America was also the same America that Kerouac and the Beats found, some one hundred years later – seeped in materialism and conformity. Unlike the beats, Thoreau had an anchor, a refuge, on Walden Pond.

There, in 1845, Thoreau built a small house on land belonging to Ralph Waldo Emerson, where he spent several years. He “wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life.” At Walden, he would practice “sitting still” for self-purification, imitating Eastern meditation, although it is unlikely that he had ever received any formal meditation instruction.

In Walden; or Life in the Woods, he described his sense of contemplation:

Walden_ThoreauI did not read books the first summer; I hoed beans. Nay, I often did better than this. There were times when I could not afford to sacrifice the bloom of the present moment to any work, whether of the head or hands. I love a broad margin to my life. Sometimes, in a summer morning, having taken my accustomed bath, I sat in my sunny doorway from sunrise till noon, rapt in a revery, amidst the pines and hickories and sumachs, in undisturbed solitude and stillness, while the birds sing around or flitted noiseless through the house, until by the sun falling in at my west window, or the noise of some traveller’s wagon on the distant highway, I was reminded of the lapse of time. I grew in those seasons like corn in the night, and they were far better than any work of the hands would have been. They were not time subtracted from my life, but so much over and above my usual allowance. I realized what the Orientals mean by contemplation and the forsaking of works. For the most part, I minded not how the hours went. The day advanced as if to light some work of mine; it was morning, and lo, now it is evening, and nothing memorable is accomplished. Instead of singing like the birds, I silently smiled at my incessant good fortune. As the sparrow had its trill, sitting on the hickory before my door, so had I my chuckle or suppressed warble which he might hear out of my nest.

My days were not days of the week, bearing the stamp of any heathen deity, nor were they minced into hours and fretted by the ticking of a clock; for I lived like the Puri Indians, of whom it is said that “for yesterday, today, and tomorrow they have only one word, and they express the variety of meaning by pointing backward for yesterday forward for tomorrow, and overhead for the passing day.” This was sheer idleness to my fellow-townsmen, no doubt; but if the birds and flowers had tried me by their standard, I should not have been found wanting. A man must find his occasions in himself, it is true. The natural day is very calm, and will hardly reprove his indolence.

I had this advantage, at least, in my mode of life, over those who were obliged to look abroad for amusement, to society and the theatre, that my life itself was become my amusement and never ceased to be novel. It was a drama of many scenes and without an end. If we were always, indeed, getting our living, and regulating our lives according to the last and best mode we had learned, we should never be troubled with ennui. Follow your genius closely enough, and it will not fail to show you a fresh prospect every hour.

The BuddhaI suffer from tinnitus, ringing in the ears. 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, I hear sleigh bells jingling, ring ting tingling too, along with enough other tones, hums, and buzzes to make me think that Kraftwerk joined up with Pink Floyd and Brian Eno to perform an experimental music piece ala Lou Reed’s Metal Machine Music and that they decided the best place to rehearse is inside my skull.

If that’s not enough, I also go through periods where I am super-sensitive to any noise. I’ve been having one of those periods for the past three weeks. Water running from the faucet is like Niagara Falls. The toilet flushing is a nuclear explosion. When I go outside, the breeze sounds like a gale force wind. Inside, it’s like there’s a diesel truck parked beneath my window, gunning its engine. The vacuum cleaner sounds like a tank.

It’s suffering. Pure unadulterated suffering. Not to mention damn inconvenient. For one thing, when I’m one of these periods of extreme sensitivity to sound, it really interferes with my film watching schedule, and I love films. Even when I’m not in one of these periods, some films are just too loud for me. Most of the films I watch are on Turner Classic Movies. Older films seems to have less sound density and the dialogue is easier for me to hear (along with the tinnitus, I have hearing loss). Last night on Silent Sundays, they showed The Battleship Potemkin. In his introduction, Robert Osborne said that it was a classic up there with Birth of a Nation and Citizen Kane. I remember seeing The Battleship Potemkin in college, and I thought it was overrated then, too.

But don’t get me wrong, I like silent movies. They do have music that was composed in later years, but I can turn it down low or have no sound at all. A few that I consider classics are John Ford’s The Iron Horse, Piccadilly, and The Sea Hawk. I’m a sucker for anything with Lon Chaney, Sr. or John Barrymore, and I’m a huge Chaplin fan. But with silent movies you have to make some mental adjustments because it’s a different kind of cinema and storytelling than what we are used to.

When I watch Chaplin, I often forget I am watching a silent film because I am so enthralled by his artistry, which I did not truly appreciate until I saw a documentary called Unknown Chaplin. So the best silent films are the ones that transcend their silent-ness and make you forget about it, and to me, that notion has some correlation with meditation.

Having this inner noise cramps my meditation style. As I’m sure you can imagine, overcoming such a hindrance is difficult. And my fall-back practice of chanting (which covers up the inner noise) is not an option when I am super-sensitive to sound because whenever I speak it feels like the earth rumbling. I ain’t kidding.

Now, one of the first books I read on mediation was The Heart of Buddhist Meditation by T. Nyanaponika in which he talks about how Mindfulness helps us to silence our internal dialogue and to “see things as they really are,” without forming judgments about them. On the surface, trying to silence my inner noise is not much different from that.

Our “internal dialogue” is composed of thoughts. Like everyone else, I have received instruction over the years about the usefulness of observing how things arise within the mind. However, it’s difficult to see this noise arising, it’s just there. It doesn’t have beginning or an end as a single thought does, or a feeling. Being there, inside my ears, my head, it seems to be an object, but it’s elusive.

When I am doing things, like talking to someone or working at the computer, there are times when I am unconscious of the inner noise, although I usually can’t enjoy these moments because as soon as I become aware that I have been unaware of the noise, the unawareness is gone.  The same thing can happen in meditation. As soon as we think about how we have let go of our thoughts, there’s another thought.

I am trying to rejuvenate my meditation practice. The first thing I am doing is not to have any goals. I am not trying to achieve anything with my sitting. I am literally just sitting. Not attempting to affect any transformation of consciousness, or be in the present moment, discover the power of now, find my Buddha nature, gain insight or wisdom. I only follow my breath for a few moments and then let that go, and I have the luxury right now of not having to set a time limit so I sit until I decide to get up.

I suppose there is a goal. I am striving for unawareness, total silence of being. However, being conscious of the unawareness only defeats the purpose. This is what Yen Hui means in Chuang Tzu when he says, “I forget everything while sitting down.” Confucius then asks, “What do you mean by sitting down and forgetting everything?” and Yen Hui replies, “I cast aside my limbs, discard my intelligence, detach from both body and mind, and become one with the Tao. This is called sitting down and forgetting everything.”

My first mental conception of Buddha was that he became one with all things. Then I got sophisticated about Buddhism and that seemed too new-age or something. Now I am going to back to this really basic sense I once had. Just trying to be one with the Tao, with pure Buddha, with everything. Just sitting down and forgetting everything, without trying to forget, without trying be one with anything.

I’ve never quite approached silent meditation quite this way, although many years ago I did some practice in Soto Zen. But this is the way I have always chanted mantras. Just chanting. Not with any goal or wish, just becoming one with the mantra.

They say that the best way to shake off the hindrances of mind is to understand their nature. I suspect now though that that works mainly on an intellectual level. I’m dealing with some other level, so I do not observe anything. I suppose you might call it non-observing. Just being silent, in the practice of forgetting.

Just sitting is called shikan taza, and sometimes it’s called “the method of no method.” In Zazen Shin, Dogen tells a story that is similar to Chaung Tzu’s, of a monk who after a sitting asks the master, “As you were sitting there all still and awesome like a mountain, what was it that you were thinking about?” to which the master replies, “What I was thinking about was based on not deliberately thinking about any particular thing.” Then the monk asks, “How can what anyone is thinking about be based on not deliberately thinking about something?” and the master says, “It is a matter of ‘what I am thinking about’ not being the point.”

In other words, not thinking of not thinking, just non-thinking. Later in the same work Dogen says,

This practice has, as its main point, our “acting as a Buddha without pursuing ‘becoming a Buddha.’” Moreover, because ‘acting as a Buddha’ is beyond ‘becoming a Buddha’, our spiritual question manifests before our very eyes. Again, our emulation of Buddha is beyond becoming a Buddha, so that when we break up the nets and cages that confine us, our sitting like a Buddha sits does not hinder our becoming a Buddha. Right at such a moment of sitting still, there is the strength that has been present for thousands of times, nay, for tens of thousands of times . . .

This post doesn’t have a main point. I’m just blogging. Telling my story, my thoughts. I don’t know whether there is something insightful here or not. I’m not necessarily trying to be insightful, or impress anyone with how well educated I am. I write fairly simple, straightforward posts, articulating some of the dharma in a way that I hope people will find interesting.

My point of view is this sense of The Endless Further, of wayfaring toward the infinite horizon of just seeking.What are we looking for? Really it’s inconceivable to us, so we truly are just purely seeking, looking for something we may have had a fleeting glimpse of, like the flash of lightening in the dark of night.

Just blogging. Just seeking.  Just sitting.

Just trying, without trying, to be one with the silence that has always been silent within.

Holy is a word derived from the Old English word “haleg” or “hal” meaning whole. It’s also related to the Old English words for wealth and health. To be holy then is to be whole, and healthy.

In spirituality, the journey to wholeness begins with a decision made within the individual. Regardless of the circumstances, no matter if the person is turning his or her life over to God or resolving to uncover Buddha Nature, the decision is always arrived at through self-reflection, over either a short or long period of time.

At that point, the individual can go in only two directions, continue looking inward or look outward, there is no third unless you consider a combination of the two to be a path.

Japanese Buddhism categorizes these two divergent ways as jiriki, own-power, or tariki, other-power.

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The Dhamma Brothers is a remarkable documentary about inmates at an Alabama prison who do a 10-day silent Vipassana meditation retreat. It’s currently being shown on PBS stations around the country.

Vipassana, for those unfamiliar with the term, is a traditional form of Buddhist meditation. The Vipassana course taught at the prison was based on the program developed by S. N. Goenka.

Although this was not the purpose of the documentary, as an introduction to the teachings of Buddhism, The Dhamma Brothers was far superior to The Buddha shown on PBS a few weeks ago. I found this to be a powerful film, with fresh insights into the process of meditation, and overall, a very positive message. The Vipassana program appears to offer some hope to men in a hopeless situation.

The Goenka approach to meditation is non-sectarian. “It’s not that it’s teaching a religion,” says Warden Stephen Bullard in the film. “It’s teaching a meditation practice that was born there.” The warden goes on to say that if the Vipassana teachers came in and tried to teach against Christianity, and to teach Buddhism, it would become a problem.

Apparently, it did anyway. This film was released to theaters in 2008 (and won quite a few awards), but for television they have cut out some of the more controversial elements. The film now only deals briefly with the controversy that resulted in shutting down the Vipassana program. The Wikipedia article on the film states, “According to New York Times reviewer Whitney Joiner this was because the chaplain of the prison complained to administrators that he was losing his inmate congregation. In December 2005, the prison administration changed and the meditation program was allowed to begin again. The film also includes interviews with local residents who provide statements that are negative about the meditation program, perceiving it as anti-Christian. One resident compared Buddhism with witchcraft.” Very little of that was in the film I watched.

The Dhamma Brothers offers some excellent instructions regarding the philosophy of meditation. One of the meditation teachers says, “No one is telling them what to look at or how to change. They have been getting their insights from within themselves.”

One of the prisoners comments, “I thought my greatest fear was growing old and dying in prison. In truth, my biggest fear was growing old and not knowing myself.” Another says, “When you start to practice Vipassana, you can’t hide anymore.”

And some great insight on how to teach: “We can’t really expect the men to do anything. Our job is, you know, just to give. The results really are up to the men.”

If you want to find out when this excellent film will be showing in your area, go to The Dhamma Brothers website here.